Montesquieu Essay Example For Students

Montesquieu Essay In this article I will talk about Montesquieu, Dewey, Wright, and Lippmann. These writers have been expounding on todays government for a long time. These administrations share numerous things for all intents and purpose just as various. Montesquieu says that ethicalness is the most significant standard of majority rule government in American government. That all citizenry must put the open great in front of their own advantages. The English have been not able to build up a majority rules system this century in light of the fact that the individuals who were associated with open issues had some temperance. Their aspiration was left by the achievement of the strong and brave. The soul of one group is quelled by the soul of another. At the point when ideals stops, desire enters those hearts that can let it be known, and eagerness enters them all. One was free under the laws, and now needs to be free against them. The laws are not what are best of the general population. Every resident resembles a got away from slave. Rather than the individuals battling oppression, the individuals are battling one another. The standard of gentry is control. The rich and high society oversee gentry, and it is managed by the best individ uals dependent on their inclinations and subdues those of the individuals. Balance in ideals needs to lye inside the gentry. Remembering the interests of nobility as opposed to individual interests. Presently such a body can subdue itself in two different ways. Either by extraordinary righteousness, which makes respectable equivalent to the individuals, which would shape an incredible republic. Or on the other hand by lesser goodness, a control that leaves the aristocrats equivalent among themselves, which realizes their safeguarding. The control established on excellence is the essence of this administration. In governments the administration utilizes as meager excellence as conceivable to achieve things. The laws supplant all these excellence in a government. One man is the incomparable leader over all. Respect replaces excellence in a ruler. Respect got together with the powers of laws in the long run prompts the objective of government. Individuals put their notoriety first n at tempting to get differentiation for themselves. In a government the vast majority are productive members of society, yet it is elusive productive members of society. For so as to be a productive member of society, one must have the goal of being one. Love the state less for oneself than for itself. ?ask not what your nation can accomplish for you but rather what you can accomplish for your nation.? Aspiration is deadly to the pioneer of a republic, however has great impact in a government. Respect isn't the rule of dictatorial states, these must be dread in a tyrannical government. Dread must crush boldness and aspiration so as to stop any odds of an upheaval. At the point when dread neglects to exist, the individuals no longer have a defender. Montesquieu shows how instruction will be diverse in every sort of government. In governments training isn't discovered establishments. It is found in regular day to day existence were individuals can be instructed as a matter of fact. Instru ction begins during childbirth and nothing in the republic government to stop it. Minority has no choices if the greater part is a group. Prevent a lion's share from framing and you prevent dominant part groups from completing their ?fiendish? plans. Madison feels this makes republics flimsy and perilous. An unadulterated majority rules system can just work in a little society. Vote based system won't work in attempting to administer an enormous zone or a huge populace on the grounds that a typical energy or interests will be felt by the dominant part. In popular government there is nothing to prevent lion's share from exploiting the minority. Government officials guarantee that if there were ideal quality in their political rights, they would likewise have similar belongings, feelings, and interests. This isn't accurate, for we need something to secure us. Madison feels that a republic is the perfect remedy for group. You should initially dispose of this by refining and amplifying the open perspectives. It is perfect to have the most ideal agents to settle on the choice for society. In a major locale casting a ballot is acceptable on the grounds that it will keep out one view. It will focus on everyones perspectives and give these chosen authorities an increasingly expansive view from hearing everyones thoughts. That insight will empower him to give a superior choice than somebody other than Madison. There are more acceptable individuals in enormous area than a little one. The littler the general public, the less interests there are required inside it. Accordingly it will be simpler for a larger part to shape a show and execute their arrangements of mistreatment. When the circle is broadened, individuals with similar interests dont comprehend theyre the greater part and dont follow up on it. In a major unit, a gathering that might be i n power in a little territory makes no difference to the master plan (republic). Poor people, as per Madison, are uneducated and self-intrigued. Poor people will be not able to arrange and convey in a huge zone. By expanded the circle you can control any group. Lippmann takes a gander at the popular sentiment as coming up short on an objective. Their absence of understanding makes the issue with general assessment. Popular sentiment has power in open issues despite the fact that they can't concede to what are acceptable and terrible. Popular assessment endeavors to administer it will just attempts to raise the heart. Training in an oppressive government for the most part originates from living with others, in which they impart dread in the heart and show essential religion. Training in a republic government is the affection for the laws and ones country. One must put the open interests over his inclinations. Instruction in majority rules system is endowed to every resident, on reque st to save government one must love it. Madison feels government most exceedingly terrible foe is the dissident spirits. By a group, he implies a gathering of individuals joined by a typical enthusiasm or intrigue and simultaneously to persecute different residents in the state. As indicated by Madison there are just two different ways to fix a group; one, by evacuating its causes; the other by controlling its belongings. There are two strategies in evacuating the reasons for group: by annihilating freedom and by giving each resident similar interests. Freedom is to group what air is to fire. Madison feels on the off chance that you wreck freedom, at that point simultaneously you will crush political life. The subsequent explanation man keeps on committing errors, and has the opportunity to practice it, various feelings will be framed. For whatever length of time that there is an association between his explanation and his self esteem, they will have an impact on one another. There are various types of mental capacities among men, which are the place the privileges of property originate from, and property is the result of our resources. It is the activity of government to secure these offices. Various types and degrees of properties results from inconsistent capacities among men, which likewise lead to the division of a general public into various interests and gatherings. In the event that the reasons for group cannot be evacuated, you should control the impacts of group. On the off chance that a group structures in the minority, the greater part can out vote the minority and leave them incapable to utilize the constitution to their benefit. At the point when a group structures in the larger part fall flat since it cannot ace the issue mentally. Demonstrations of government are not an interpretation of the general sentiment. The administrations work is to make the laws and authorize them. Governments authorities are similarly as lost as the open in light of t he fact that theyre not in contact with the genuine issue. The legislature should work out alterations as opposed to mediating, coming to their meaningful conclusions of view backhanded. The administration gives roundabout help to those answerable for the issue. At the point when the open authorities fizzle, they go to the general supposition. A feeling dependent on understanding papers, report, and talks which is a deficient method to pick up realities. Where the issue emerges is the place the settlement should occur. By those whom have specific interests included. You cannot request that an outcast have the information to settle on a choice for an insider. Lippmann assaults city training for not showing voters what to look like at open issues is a wise structure. The outcome is a befuddled, not on the grounds that hes a man but since hes in a spot to comprehend and follow up on the issue. The outcast is uninformed, typically insignificant and nosy in light of the fact that he is a ttempting to explore the boat from dry land. Training for citizenship ought to be isolated from the instruction of open office. Montiesquieu feels one must place the legislature over his personal matters. That excellence is the most significant piece of a fruitful government. Madison would be in concurrence with Montesquieu. Madison guarantees that group is the danger to government. Group can just shape from a greater part is attempting to assist their very own advantages. Lippmann would be in understanding that instruction is significant in a majority rules system. I feel that in manners every one of them are directly in certain angles. That an extraordinary peril to society is group and we should keep it from shaping. I concur that training is an imperative viewpoint to majority rule government which is the best type of government. .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e , .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e .postImageUrl , .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e , .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e:hover , .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e:visited , .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e:active { border:0!important; } .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e:active , .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e:hover { darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } . ub4c0e009ee94f1ca21d3db3506c2778e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-stylistic layout

Modernity

Advancement Human science Term EssayQ4. What does humanism add to an examination of the way of life of advancement ?To comprehend what humanism brings to an investigation of our cutting edge culture we should see how humankind must where it is today .We should inquire as to why the way that people live everyday has changed so significantly over the past couple of hundred years .We find a portion of the solutions from sociologists who watched and scrutinized these turns of events .The investigation of Sociology itself showed up as a result of modernity.The term innovation seems to be intended to exemplify the uniqueness, unpredictability and dynamism of social procedures released during the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years , which make a particular break from the customary method of living .It has been known as the Incomparable Transformation .Sociology mentions to us what occurred and why , it features enormously the contrast between living 300 years back. It tends to be viewed as a b lend of various new advancements underway matching with some new hypotheses and ideas.Karl and his girl Jenny MarxAn case of one of these advancements that can clarify the appearance of innovation was the sensational improvement in the vehicle framework and different types of correspondence .This enormously quickened contact across separations and required the synchronization of action utilizing tickers and schedules .Anthony Giddens a cutting edge humanist accepted this was encapsulated by the railroad timetable ,which he portrayed as a period space requesting gadget , at the end of the day something that assisted with planning in various territories and time zones.In his book Initial Sociology , Tony Bilton tells how advancement had an immense impact in such essential things as people groups diet .He features eighteenth Century England for instance of this how individuals of all classes every day admission comprised of produce from everywhere throughout the globe...

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Retail Marketing - Essay Example Imprints and Spencer made its notoriety in the mid twentieth century by selling â€Å"British made goods† in England. The organization presented St Michael brand in 1928 which was a brand of garments just as nourishments. The organization began extending in 1957 in mainland Europe and Ireland and furthermore began selling of Asian nourishment in the European market. The organization got notoriety for working together through reasonable estimation of cash and by this it got trust and brand an incentive from its clients. The historical backdrop of M&S is known as â€Å"iconic retailers of British Quality Goods†. The organization began focusing on the customers’ taste and inclinations at the hour of promoting nearsightedness when different organizations used to focus on the item quality by their won choice and decisions. For this viable advertising and special systems through the target that client is consistently and totally right the organization got high noto riety and brand picture for4 its need to the clients purchasing conduct and inclinations. After 1970 the organization overhauled its bundling style for the nourishment items and began selling nourishment items by indicating date of assembling. This was one of the significant techniques of the organization by which it created immense client base for the straightforwardness and obligations to the client as far as moral busi8ness practice. Since the introduction of the penny bazaar by Michael Marks in 1984, five key standards have been trailed by the organization till now. These are quality, esteem, administrations, trust and development. The organization came into Asia by opening first st5ore in Kabul in 1960. It had confronted a persistent misfortune for quite a while after 1973 in Canada and in 1999 all the 38 shops were shut because of unfruitful business. The organization went into France by opening not many... This paper focuses on that the organization needs to advance this mindfulness program as a piece of strong waste positive condition. By and large the clients don't utilize the parcels of the items and these are discarded out in the wake of taking the products at home. These bundles can be the convey sack of per acquisition of merchandise and furthermore can be parcels of staple and nourishment items. This report makes an end that Marks and Spencer has encountered a long intense excursion of its business from the little beginning of the organization. The organization has been concentrating and underscored on the clients taste and inclinations from its history and built up the brand present picture by the trust and notoriety from the clients. The organization is particularly well known in nearly higher salary gathering of individuals who just want the item quality even in more significant expense. Along these lines, it needs to offer medium range valued items to wide its objective section of clients. This will produce more income and decrease the danger of serious hindrance. The organization is especially devoted to the general public, clients, financial specialist, provider and the earth as these are the significant patron its prosperity and current piece of the pie and position in the business. On the off chance that the organization grow its objective portion, it will be one of the main retail organizations on the planet in not so distant future as far as income, social obligation and consumer loyalty through productive assistance gave by the organization.

Basic Information About Adult Education

With so  many adults  returning to the classroom, the term adult education has taken on new meanings. Adult education, in the broadest sense, is any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling that ends in their 20s. In the narrowest sense, adult education is about literacy—adults learning to read the most basic materials. Thus, adult education encompasses everything from basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner and the attainment of advanced degrees. Andragogy and Pedagogy Andragogy is defined as the art and science of helping adults learn. Its distinguished from pedagogy,  the school-based education  traditionally used for children. Education for adults has a different focus, based on the fact that adults are: More self-directed and require less guidanceMature and bring more experience to the task of learningReady to learn and primed to learn what they need to knowMore oriented to learning that is problem-centered rather than subject-centeredMore internally motivated to learn Functional Literacy One of the primary goals of adult education is functional literacy. Organizations like the U.S. Department of Education and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) work tirelessly to measure, understand, and address adult illiteracy in the U.S. and around the world. Only through adult education can we address the real problems of society—like power sharing, wealth creation, gender and health issues. said Adama Ouane, director of the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. The programs of the Division of Adult Education and Literacy (part of the U.S. Department of Education) focus on addressing basic skills such as reading, writing, math, English language competency, and problem-solving. The goal is for American adults get the basic skills they need to be productive workers, family members, and citizens. Adult Basic Education In the U.S., each state is responsible for addressing the basic education of their citizens. Official state websites direct people to classes, programs, and organizations designed to teach adults how to read prose, documents like maps and catalogs, and how to make simple computations. Getting a GED Adults who complete basic adult education have the opportunity to earn the equivalent of a high school diploma by taking the General Educational Development, or GED, test. The test, available to citizens who have not graduated from high school, gives them the chance to demonstrate the level of achievement normally achieved by completing a course of study in high school. GED prep resources abound online and in classrooms around the country, designed to help students prepare for the five-part exam. The GED comprehensive exams cover writing, science, social studies, math, arts and interpreting literature. Adult Education and Continuing Education Adult education is synonymous with continuing education. The world of lifelong learning is wide open and covers a variety of circumstances including: Going to college for the first time after age 25Returning to college to finish a degreeWorking toward a graduate degreeLearning a technical skillEarning CEUs for professional certificationTaking classes at your local community center for the sheer fun of it

Rhetorical Analysis Of Pinks Speech - 767 Words

Pink delivers a very well organized speech. He opens the speech very strongly when he states- I need to make a confession†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – creating a mystery and drawing the audience in instantly. The hilarity woven into the opening invokes a strong amusement from the audience. He frames his speech as a case study and not a story, which emphasizes the purpose of the speech as a learning opportunity for the audience –I don’t want to tell you a story. I want to make a case. I want to make a hard-headed, evidence-based, dare I say lawyerly case for rethinking how we run our businesses.† (1.34). with this thesis statement, Pink states his intention in a very effective manner drawing fully, the attention of the audience. He institutes a framework around†¦show more content†¦All these mentioned institutions have high ethos, and it adds credibility by association to pink’s speech by referencing them. Half-way in the speech, he makes the first overt connection between the audience and his topic. His statement -Think about your own work†¦ everybody in this room is dealing with their own version of the candle problem† (7:49) flatters the audience, since it means that they are all affianced in truly challenging and difficult labor. More prominently, it makes his massage more personal. He persuades his audience repeatedly referencing the candle problem† which the audiences hear it as my problem†. His speech is composed of thoughts provoking ideas. He wisely injects hilarity throughout his presentation. He states in the 38th second, - I need to make a confession. I did something I regret†¦ in a moment of youthful indiscretion, I went to law school† and in the 1st minute -I graduated in the part of my law school class that made the top 90% possible.† Both of these statements are humorous and they build connection with the audience. Another notable element is Pink’s speech is the use of contrast. The most memorable is the catch phrase he introduces with a slide

Personal Narrative How I Were Moving Again - 1018 Words

Were moving again. I live with my mom she constantly has a new boyfriend or husband. At least this summer will give me a chance to get to know people before school starts, I think as I move boxes into the new house. As im unpacking, I notice this boy walking across the lawn next door hes good looking so obviously im going to pay attention. I notice him notice me so I blush a little and decide to unpack more boxes. I hear someone talking to my mom, I walk downstairs to see who it is and its him. I look like a mess, but its too late to run so I introduce myself. He looks at me in a way I cant explain as im daydreaming about spending my summer with him.† Want to hang out on Saturday†? he asks I reply with a â€Å"yes† and he says â€Å"good I†¦show more content†¦What had that guy just handed him? My stomach is uneasy and I start to feel like I shouldnt be going to this party. I’m just going to ask him about who he was talking to. Blake gets in the tr uck and I ask â€Å"who were you talking to in the gas station†? He seems like he is very anxious and doesnt want to talk about it but I wanted to know. He told me it was nothing he was just a friend. I wanted to know more, but I didnt want to push him to tell me so I let it be. He said â€Å"its a long story. I’ll tell you sometime after the party†. We finally made it to the party and my uneasy feeling was gone, I was excited to have some fun. We walked down by the fire and Blake introduced me to all of his friends. Blake offered me a drink and I took it from him. He started talking to one of his guy friends and I saw this girl standing alone and introduced myself her name was Mackenzie she seemed super cool and so I decided to hang out with her for the night. She introduced me to some of her girlfriends and by this time I was feeling very weird, I had drank before and I had never felt like this. I wanted to go home and I also needed help walking. I asked Makenzie to help me find Blake we couldnt find him, nobody had seen him in aw hile. Makenzie had me sit down and start drinking water as I was puking, I felt Blake grab my hair and thank Makenzie. â€Å" I can take it from here† he said. Where had he been and What had he put in my drink, I was thinking as Blake helped me to the car. IShow MoreRelatedCinema of Attractions1670 Words   |  7 Pagesnot necessarily the best way of defining cinema’s essence. This is only one of the writings concerning this topic which influenced Tom Gunning in characterizing the cinematic period before 1906 as that of the ‘cinema of attractions’. 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A Dolls House Externalizing Inner Problems Essay Example For Students

A Dolls House Externalizing Inner Problems Essay When writing A Dolls House, Ibsen had planned it to be a realistic play. To do this, he must portray the fluent speech of everyday life, and unnecessary monologues must be prevented. Hence, Ibsen cleverly employs certain symbols in his play to externalize the characters inner thoughts. Throughout the whole play, the characters actions and words often carry an implicit meaning, and subtly reflect what they are thinking. This technique is already evident at the start of the play, even with minor or seemingly insignificant situations. Small actions can tell the audience more about each character. For example, when Torvald was lecturing Nora about wasting and borrowing money, she goes over to the stove, stating, Very well, Torvald, if you say so. This obviously shows that Nora is sulking, reflecting her childish character. This action is again used when Krogstad comes to see her husband, though for a different reason. Nora : You? What is it? Why do you want to see my husband? Krogstad: Bank business in a way. I have a small post at the Savings Bank, and I hear your husband is to be our new Manager Nora: So its only Krogstad: Only dull official business, Mrs. Helmer; nothing else whatever. Nora: Well, Youll find him in his study. In this case, Nora attending to the stove suggests her trying to calm down and sort out her thoughts. Krogstads appearance obviously startles her, and her anxiety is revealed when she questions him tensely and in a low voice. She also seems more relieved when she finds that it is Only dull official business. Her relieved words So its only and Krogstads excess assurance nothing else whatever, arouses suspicion of their relationship, and the possibility of them having some other secret business with each other. This is revealed soon after, when Krogstad visits again but this time insists on seeing her. Nora, with a stifled cry she turns and half rises, then, tense and wary, queried, You want to see me? This again reflects her anxiousness at his presence, and may even suggest that she is frightened of him. Similarly, during Krogstads visit to the Helmer home, Mrs Linde gives a start, then, collecting herself, turns away to the window. This suggests Mrs. Lindes recognition of Krogstad, and that they have had a previous association, which perhaps is a little complicated, seeing that Mrs. Linde turns away to either, avoid him, and or clear her thoughts. Mrs. Linde had also displayed this action previously in the play, when she was discussing her life with Nora, and Nora suggested that Mrs. Linde go on a holiday to relax after having worked for three years. Mrs Linde : I havent a father to pay my fare, Nora; this illustrates her jealousy and scorn at Nora, who supposedly had a father to finance her honeymoon trip to Italy. After Krogstads threat of exposing her crime of forgery, Nora has since been jittery, often displaying her apprehension in the play. Nora : What nonsense! Trying to frighten me like that! Im not as silly as all that. But No, it isnt possible I did it for love! Nora No! Helena bring me the tree, please. No! Its simply not possible! Noras agitation is clearly displayed here. At the beginning, the act of tossing her head suggests Nora trying to confidently assure herself that she is not frightened by Krogstads threat at all. Then she tries to distract herself from her thoughts by being busy, first attempting to tidy the childrens clothes, then her needlework, and finally the Christmas tree. Her continual lack of focus and sudden outbursts exhibits her perplexed state of mind. She again tries to reassure herself that everything will be alright, muttering to herself we shall have a lovely tree Ill do all the things you like, Torvald, Ill sing and dance. To prevent her forgery from being exposed, Nora attempts to satisfy Krogstads demands, to persuade Torvald to allow Krogstad to maintain his position at the bank. .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .postImageUrl , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:hover , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:visited , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:active { border:0!important; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:active , .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4 .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64b29b6722197b91bfac614f5ea129b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Commentary- "Where the Sidewalk ends) EssayNora tries to wheedle Torvald into a good mood first, playing the role of a helpless woman and asking for his help in ideas for the costume party, meanwhile coyly stroking his hair. After Torvald complies, Nora: Oh that is nice of you! How pretty these red flowers look This action shows Nora trying to think up of a way to persuade Torvald, and she slyly brings up the subject again, Tell me about this Krogstad was it really so bad, what he did? On the other hand, this question might also be partly asked on her own behalf, since both her and Krogstads crimes were forgery. She again indirectly pleads her own cause, Mighnt he have done it from dire necessity? hoping that her good motives for the forgery might diminish the significance of her misdeed. When Torvald claimed that the immorality of a parent can poison and corrupt the children, Nora gets even more uneasy, and this is highlighted when she moves closer behind him and asks, Are you certain of that?

Organization Behaviour free essay sample

Wegmans was founded in 1916, by brothers Walter and Jack Wegman, as a small family-owned food store in Rochester, New York State. It was initially called the Rochester Food and Vegetable Company, and operated out of the Wegmanshouse. In the early 1920s, the Wegmans moved the store to a new location and expanded the product range to make it a full-fledged grocery store selling fresh produce, bakery goods, and canned goods. The store also had a small cafeteria. It’s Headquarters in Rochester, New York. Wegmans is consistently voted as one of the best companies to work for in the US by several independent sources. It is also one of the rare companies in the retail sector that had a relatively low voluntary attrition rate (seven percent for full time employees). Wegmans culture is articulated in its philosophy Employees first, Customers second. However, in spite of its expressed preference for employees over customers, Wegmans is known for its high level of customer service. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Question No 1 Is Wegamns Culture Strong or Weak and what are the Characteristic of Wegmans culture and how it affect its employees particularly new hires? Strong culture is said to exist where staff respond to stimulus because of their alignment to organizational values. Conversely, there is Weak Culture where there is little alignment with organizational values and control must be exercised through extensive procedures and bureaucracy. Where culture is strong people do things because they believe it is the right thing to do. Characteristic of Wegmans Diversity and equal opportunity. * Respect co-employees , pursue excellence , make a difference and become empowered

The Constitution Essays (238 words) - Constitutional Law

The Constitution Essays (238 words) - Constitutional Law The Constitution The founders of America initially thought the primary role of the United States government was to chastise lawbreakers. The forefathers knew this could not be accomplished if one group held all power. The idea to divide the government into the following three branches was an incredible ingenious idea. The executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch were all designed in hopes of creating a fair government. There are many benefits from the separation of power, the executive branch has the power to execute the laws, the legislative branch has the power to make the laws and the judicial branch has the power to interpret the laws. Through the separation of power, no one assembly can hold all the power, since this would mean that one assembly would have endless power. So instead each branch has limited power. In actuality the three branches of government are not separate, but are intertwined in most ways. Each branch as its own role or power, but one branch cannot be enforced without involving or requiring the consent of all three branches. This system of shared power is known as checks and balances; however, one branch cannot function properly without the others. All of the checks and balances are counterproductive. Nevertheless, that is by blueprint rather than by mishap. By pressuring the three branches to be liable to others, no one branch can assume enough power to become overpowering.

Current topic III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current topic III - Essay Example se they are aware of the expectations and needs of different groups in the society on health care provision services (World Health Organization, 2012). This knowledge is derived from closely interacting and communicating with patients, their family members, doctors and other health care stakeholders. By making their contributions on the needs of different groups, nurses can ensure that health policies that exist reflect the diverse nature of the population. Nurses can make a difference to health policies by highlighting the changing disease patterns, and by seeking information from the patients on their medical treatment preferences. 100 powerful women in the world for 2012- slide (in this section). Find a woman that you admire and write how come she is an inspiration of hope for you? What leadership traits do you see in her? Do you have those traits also? I admire the IBM President and CEO Virginia Rometty. Mrs Rometty is a force to reckon with because of 30 years skills and experience at the company. She is the first female CEO of the company. She has also established and is implementing a business strategy at the company that is set to increase the revenue generated by the company by approximately $ 20 million. Rometty is resilient and hardworking; very admirable qualities. She began her career at the company as a systems engineer, went on to be in charge of global sales then CEO and president. I have similar qualities as her because I am hardworking and resilient. I believe that I am creative and innovative since I am committed to serving the society in all my capacity. In my opinion, Michelle Obama is a better role model. Mrs. Obama has been able to win public support through her wise speeches to the public. The current First lady reflects a positive image due to her confidence, firm and seemingly caring nature. Michelle Obama is very determined to raise awareness on obesity and curb its effect on a large population of American nationals (Forbes, 2012).

Speech for Formal Ambassadors Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech for Formal Ambassadors Meeting - Essay Example I feel extremely honoured. It comes with excitement to state concisely for the fact that this meeting is on its second year, a step in growth. Indeed, I am very confident to mention that the new initiative of TIF in each of the country members of our Federation will strengthen the impact and the value of its work. We honour this day through various activities with the objective of promoting education around these diseases in the 117 member associations in 56 countries. ‘Economic recession: Observe – Join Forces – Safeguard Health’ is the theme this year. Officials and member associations are encouraged to focus on it with actions and activities as per the individual needs and priorities. There is a need to support policy decisions that negate inequalities of health, with specific concentration on countries affected with financial and economic crisis globally throbbing. Financial crisis has had wide reaching economic, social and political impacts with the quality of health care grossly affected with some of its most far reaching and devastating consequences. This theme highlights such. The health sector has been affected by some, if not many, potentially irreversible consequences by the hard times of austerity that has had an impact across countries. The worsening of inequalities engulfing all areas of an individuals’ life be it professional, social, educational aspects perhaps the individual’s health most importantly in vulnerable population groups such as those with chronic disorders are touched and scratched with the global economic crisis as stated by the World Health Organization. The commitment for good quality services, various health authorities and the long life support of nations are needed by patients. Massive threats to the stability of the social systems and public health care and to the general access to healthcare services come in handy with the global economic crisis. Specific measures, various

The Determinacy of Existence Essay Example for Free

The Determinacy of Existence Essay In Steven Spielberg’s Artificial Intelligence: AI, the same question seems to have haunted its main character, David. As a part of the genre of science fiction, the film itself has a highly fictional character however given the developments within the fields of science and technology in the past few years along with the current threats that global warming poses to our environment and to the human race itself, it is not difficult to fathom that such an event will exist in the future. Artificial Intelligence is set within a period wherein the ocean levels have risen to the extent that it has drowned some of the cities in the world. Despite of this, the human race continues to persevere to the extent that it has been able to create human like robots. Human like here refers to the possession of the appearance, form, and function of a human being. In the film, David stands as a substitute to Henry and Monica Swinton’s son Martin who was considered terminally ill. Martin, however was healed and was sent back to live with his family. As soon as Martin started to live with his family, he resented David and the robot child was forced to be evicted from his home. In this process, David learns the tale of Pinocchio and associates the tale with his quest to find his real mother as well as his quest to turn into a â€Å"real† boy. Although, the film itself might be seen to question the relationship of human beings to technology wherein technological developments may be considered as their offsprings, as I see it the film also question life and existence itself. It might be too farfetched to contrast myself to the character David for the obvious reason that I have empirical evidence that I am not an android however as I see it, it is possible to strike a comparison between David’s quest for his mother [and hence for life itself since the mother stands as the source of life] as well as my quest for meaning. In the journal entry that I chose above, I was placed in a position where I questioned my existence and my identity itself. I have given this some thought in the following days that I have been haunted with these questions. The way I see it, all human beings are partially determined by their past [e. g. the manner in which they were socialized as well as the genetic traits that they have acquired from their family] however at the same time their existence and identity is also determined by their actions in the present. In a way, one might state that each individual is haunted by the ever occurring present since each action and each decision affects ourselves while at the same time placing a permanent mark in who we are. David, in the film Artificial Intelligence, was partially determined by his background [his existence as an artificial intelligence] however despite of this he chose to cling to the tale of Pinocchio and made it his own thereby enabling him to receive the love of human mother at the end of the film. As I see it, if we are to see David’s mother as a symbol for Eve [and hence life itself] and if we are to see ourselves as a David, each continually pursuing his dreams and aspirations, it is possible for us to receive the love of life. As I see it, it is by taking hold of one’s decisions and in a sense of one’s life that one is freed from the initial determinacy of existence. In this sense, although initially one might state that we were initially determined by our nature and the way that we were nurtured it is also possible for us to be freed from this by taking hold of one’s life and being accountable from one’s actions. The way I see it, this was the reason why David was granted the human life in the film Artificial Intelligence.

Saving Private Ryan Historical Review Essay -- essays research papers

Saving Private Ryan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose Saving Private Ryan, the 1998 movie directed by Steven Spielberg about the invasion at Normandy and a special mission that follows, as the topic of my paper. The mission is for eight men to go behind enemy lines and rescue a soldier who’s brothers have died in battle and bring him back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie starts with the D-Day invasion at Normandy Beach, a very tragic and great day at the same time. Allied troops were being shot the second the landing vehicles opened, mortars were dropping all over, there was no cover, and those who sought refuge in the water were drowned by the weight of their equipment. As all of this happens, we follow members of one unit as they struggle to make their way on shore. Bodies are dropping everywhere, the wounded are piling up, and things are looking down. After intense battle and effort, however, the Allied forces finally take the beach, but not without a high cost of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From what I know and have heard about the D-Day invasion, the movie was very accurate on it’s portrayal of the attack. The action was so intense at the movie theater I first saw it in that a veteran got up and left for a while because he was crying so bad. I later found out that he had actually been there and that seeing it so vividly on screen had brought back too many bad memories. If that doesn’t convey realism, I don’t know what does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...

Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems

Abstract Today, many safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures too minimum. The paper examines existing regulating standards in safety-critical systems. By comparing different software testing methods the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing are being evaluated. The QUICKIES standard serves as the mall regulatory framework for all separately systems and provides the basis for the creation of application- and Interdependently tankards.Moreover it defines certain safety integrity levels depending on the field of application and recommends testing methods according to these levels. In model- based safety testing a usage model with restricted space state domain is used to generate representative test cases. Statistical testing is a mathematical approach that uses a high number of test cases to reach a significant result. The ma in challenge of all safety-related testing methods Is to reduce testing time and complexity without distorting the significance of the test.These can for example be transportation systems, power plants, and medical applications. As people's lives depend on the correct function of such control systems and their software, thorough testing is required before they can be admitted to operation. There are many different software testing methods. Most of them only analyze the probability of a failure but do not value its severity. However, in safety-critical systems a failure that has severe consequences, even if it is extremely rare, can not be accepted. Therefore testing in this field has to be adopted accordingly.The purpose of this paper is to find and compare the latest methods for safety-critical footwear testing and to identify the most common industry standard in this field. Moreover the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing will be elaborated. At the begi nning the paper will provide definitions that are required for the understanding of the subsequent chapters. After that, an introduction to the JUICE 508 safety standard, which serves as a basis for most industry-specific standards, is given.The chapter â€Å"Testing Methods† will address some of the latest safety-related software testing methods in detail. 5 Definitions 2 Definitions 2. 1 Reliability and Safety In safety critical systems both, reliability and safety are required to achieve the goals of dependability. However, reliability and safety are two different attributes of dependability. The reliability, R(t) , of a system is a function of time. It is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function in a defined way over a given time period and under certain specified and assumed conditions.The most used parameter to characterize reliability is the Mean Time To Failure (MATT). The safety, S(t), of a system is defined as the pro bability that a system ill either perform its functions correctly or will discontinue its functions in a way that does not interrupt the operation of other systems or Jeopardize the safety of any people associated with the system [1]. Based on these definitions, in reliability testing all failures are weighted equally, whereas in safety testing the failures are weighted according to their severity.Therefore, a reliable system may be quite unsafe and a safe system may be very unreliable. 2. 2 Safety-critical System States very complex to generate. As many states are unreachable or very difficult to reach hey can be reduced to a relatively small number of representative system states. These states are grouped in three subsets: Normal State Subset (NUNS), Fail-Safe State subset (FPS) and Risky state subset (IRS). Their relationships are: s=Unusualness; 6 Their inter-dependability is described as a Markova chain (see figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 : Three-state Markova Model for Safety-critica l Systems(Source: 2. Markova Chain Usage Model The Markova chain usage model describes the possible usage of a software based on a predicted environment. It can be used to generate statistical test cases and to estimate the software reliability. In an Markova model the transition from operation I to operation J can be denoted by an ordered pair . Let be the transition probability from operation I to operation J, with and EX=I .. N p(is)=1, where n is the number of operations. The transitions and transition probabilities can be represented in the form of a matrix [3].Each specific usage of the program corresponds to a path X=(XI, XX,†¦ Xi) in the Markova chain where Xi corresponds to the I-the operation. P(Xi, X]) determines the next executed operation J after execution of operation I. Since the operations are random rabbles, each path X=(XI, XX,†¦ ) forms a stochastic process. For a particular path x=(ox, XSL ,†¦ ), the corresponding path execution probability is [3]: 7 pox pop , x 3 Standards There exist both national and international standards and guidelines at different depths and classifications which define requirements for safety-related technologies. Yester and provides the basis for the creation of application- and underspecified standards. It includes more than 500 pages of normative and informative specifications and proposals. Nowadays most safety-related standards are based on he JUICE 508 in combination with the previously applicable requirements [4]. The JUICE 508 defines so called Safety Integrity Levels (Sills) which serve as a measure for the safety requirements on a certain system. The following table shows the different SILLS as well as the corresponding probability of failure and application examples.Probability of Failure One Failure in x Years Consequences Application Example The last three parts, are informative and include practical examples which should help to simplify the application of the standard. The ‘CE 61 508 describes the complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems (E / E / PEE) for separately functions [4]. According to the focus of this paper only the parts relating to software testing are mentioned in the following paragraph. Figure 2 shows the verification and validation process in software development according to the JUICE 508 standard.The E/E/PEE system safety requirements are applied both on the system architecture and the software specifications. Every level in the system architecture verifies if it meets the requirements of the next higher layer (I. E. Coding fulfills module design requirements, module design fulfills software yester design requirements etc. ). Moreover each system architecture layer is tested by a specific test. As soon as the test circuit is closed successfully the software can be validated. The st andard also recommends and rates certain test methods according to the required SILL. In order to meet the requirements of the ‘CE standard a series.Test methods comprised in the ‘CE 61 508 are categorized as follows [6]: Failure analysis (I. E. Cause consequence programs) Dynamic analysis and testing (I. E. Test case execution from model-based test case generation) Functional and black box testing (I. . Equivalence classes and input partition testing, including boundary value analysis) Performance testing (I. E. Response timings and memory constraints) Static analysis (I. E. Static analysis of run time error behavior) 9 Figure 2: ‘CE 61 508-3 Verification and Validation Process(Source: 10 Testing Methods 4 Testing Methods There are many different software testing methods.A detailed introduction to all different methods would be far beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore the author will only mention two methods he deems most relevant in the field of safety-relat ed software testing. Finally both methods are compared and their possible application areas are evaluated. 4. 1 Model-based Safety Testing In model-based testing explicit behavior models that encode the intended behavior of a system and its environment are used. These models generate pairs of inputs and outputs. The output of such a model represents the expected output of the system under test (SOT). Mineral model-based testing method. The system safety-related behavior is defined in the safety requirements specification. Test cases are derived from a safety model that is extracted from the SHUT and from formal safety requirements. This model encodes the intended behavior and maps each possible input to the corresponding output. Safety test selection criteria relate to the functional safety of the safety- critical system, to the structure of the model (state coverage, transition coverage), and also to a well defined set of system faults.Safety test case specifications are used to fo rmalize the safety test selection criteria and render them operational. For the given safety model and the safety test case specification, an automatic safety test case generator and optimizer generates the safety test case suite. Finally, the concreted input part of a test case is submitted to the SHUT and the SOT's output is recorded. The concentration of the input part of a test case is performed by a safety test engine. Besides executing the safety case, it can also compare the output of the SHUT with the expected output as provided by the safety test case [6]. 1 Figure 3: Model-based Safety Testing according Gang You et al. (Source: Test Case Generation One of the most commonly tools for test case generation are model checking techniques. The main purpose of model checking is to verify a formal safety property (given as a logic formula) on a system model. In test case generation, model checking is used in order to find violations of certain formal safety properties. Safety mode ls of safety-critical software systems may have a huge number of states. Therefore the greatest challenge when using a model checker is to cope with the state space explosion.As a countermeasure, Gang You et al. ‘s approach applies the safety model, which is derived from SHUT and certain safety requirements. The model 12 limits the number of states by splitting them into three subsets (NUNS, FPS, IRS) containing only representative states (see 2. X). Moreover the safety model encodes he intended behavior, and from its structure, safety test cases can be derived. It thereby restricts the possible inputs into the SHUT and the set of possible separately behaviors of the SOT.Hence, to reduce the amount of testing and guarantee the quality of testing the model checker will search those most frequently entered states and generate the corresponding safety test cases without searching the whole state spaces. The selection of states is based on the safety requirements (Sills). Generall y speaking, the safety model can be seen as a test selection criterion generate safety-related test cases. Figure 4 shows the corresponding flow chart. 1 . The system safety model in the form of a finite state machine (FSML) is transformed into the input language of the model checker tool (SPIN) 2.Each test requirement of a given safety criterion is formulated as a temporal logic expression (LET). 3. Based on the Markova model of a system, the state space is divided into three subsets. 4. In term of these subsets, the negation of each expression of the formula is verified by the model checker. If there is an execution path in the model that does not satisfy the negated formula then it is presented by the model checker as a counter-example. This path becomes a test sequence that satisfies the original test requirement. 5.The inputs and outputs that form the executable test case are extracted from the counter-example or are derived by a corresponding guided simulation of the model. 13 Figure 4: Test Case Generation Framework according Gang You et al. (Source: 4. 2 Statistical Testing As already mentioned in 2. 1 reliability is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function. This chapter will link the reliability of a system with the Markova usage model (see 2. 3). Let f: be a function that shows the failure probability of a software. The argument D represents the possible usage set of the software.Each element AXED is a usage path from quo (initial operation) to send (final operation) The relation between software reliability R and failure probability F is: R=l -F (2). In the assumed model the failure behavior of the software only depends on its usage path X and not on the input. This means that the input domain corresponding to the used X is homogeneous. The simplest way of obtaining unbiased reliability estimation of the software is to select N test paths XSL, XX, †¦ , CNN according to the usage model. The exult of the function f(Xi) is 1 if the path fails and O otherwise.Then the arithmetic 14 mean of f(Xi) is an unbiased estimate PEP(f(X)), which is the mathematical expectation of the software failure probability under transition matrix P. Hence, the software reliability can be expressed as R=l -PEP(f(X)) [3]. Critical operations are infrequently executed in real applications. This generates the problem that development organizations have to spend too much time when performing adequate statistical testing. Although one can overcome these drawbacks by increasing the execution probabilities of critical operations during statistical entire software under test. Yang Going et al. 3] found a possible approach to overcome this problem: Importance Sampling (IS) Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration. IS Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration This chapter presents the Is-based software statistical testing acceleration method. It ensures that the cr itical operations tested adequately by adjusting the transition probabilities in the matrix of the usage model, and at the same time, produces the unbiased reliability of the software under test. The IS technique reduces simulation run times hen estimating the probabilities of rare events by Monte Carlo simulations [3].For complex software with a large model matrix, the simulation procedure is often extremely time consuming. To overcome this problem, Yang Going et al. ‘s approach adopts a simulated annealing algorithm to calculate the optimal matrix Q. This widely used optimization method employs stochastic techniques to avoid being trapped in local optimal solution. The 16 exact mathematical explanation of this algorithm is complex and would be out of the scope of this paper. [3] 4. 3 Method Comparison Although model-based and statistical testing follow completely different approaches, the challenges are very similar.Both methods have to limit the extent and complexity of tes ting. Model-based testing reduces the number of test cases by restricting the state space domain of the Markova chain usage model. Whereas statistical testing reduces the number by changing the relation between critical and normal test cases with help off likelihood ratio. 5 Conclusion Today an increasing number of safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures to a minimum. The paper focused on

Ancient Traders and Merchants of Mesoamerica

A strong market economy was a very important aspect of Mesoamerican cultures. Although much of our information about the market economy in Mesoamerica comes primarily from the Aztec/Mexica world during the Late Postclassic, there is clear evidence that markets played a major role throughout Mesoamerica in the diffusion of goods at least as recently as the Classic period. Further, it is clear that merchants were a high-status group of most of the Mesoamerican societies. Luxury Goods for the Elites Beginning during the Classic Period (AD 250-800/900), merchants supported urban specialists with raw materials and finished goods to convert into luxury goods for the elites, and exportable items for trade. Specific materials traded differed from region to region, but, in general, the merchant job involved acquiring, for example, coastal items such as shells, salt, exotic fish and marine mammals, and then exchanging them for materials from the inland such as precious stones, cotton and maguey fibers, cacao, tropical bird feathers, especially precious quetzal plumes, jaguar skins, and many other exotic items. Maya and Aztec Merchants Different types of merchants existed in ancient Mesoamerica: from local traders with central markets to regional merchants to the professional, long-distance merchants such as the Pochteca among the Aztecs and the Ppolom among the lowland Maya, known from Colonial records at the time of the Spanish conquest. These full-time merchants traveled over long distances and were often organized into guilds. All the information we have about their organization comes from the Late Postclassic when Spanish soldiers, missionaries, and officers--impressed with the organization of the Mesoamerican markets and merchants--left detailed documentation about their social organization and functioning. Among the Yucatec Maya, who traded along the coast with large canoes with other Maya groups as well as with Caribbean communities, these merchants were called Ppolom. The Ppolom were long-distance traders who usually came from noble families and leaded trading expeditions to acquire valuable raw materials. Probably, the most famous category of merchants in Postclassic Mesoamerica, though, was the one of the Pochteca, who were full-time, long-distance merchants as well as informants of the Aztec empire. The Spanish left a detailed description of the social and political role of this group in the Aztec society. This allowed historians and archaeologists to reconstruct in detail the lifestyle as well as the organization of the pochteca. Sources Davà ­d Carrasco (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, vol. 2, Oxford University Press.